At the European Telework Online website

"Telework 1998":
Annual Report from the European Commission

Notes

1. According to the EITO Task Force Mid-range estimate, EITO 1998

2. see annex 2: European projects

3. 4^th European Assembly: Good Practice for the Future, Stockholm, 24-26 September 1997, and 5^th European Assembly Rediscover life, Lisbon, 23 – 25 September 1998

4. European Telework Week: For a Competitive and Sustainable Europe, 2-9 November 1998.

5. According to the EITO Taskforce mid range estimate, presented in The European Information Technology Observatory (EITO) 1998 Yearbook, Figure 8, p.300.

6. The European Information Technology Observatory (EITO) 1998 Yearbook, p.286.

7. For more information see http://www.catalyst-solutions.com

8. Guardian Weekly, 31 August 1997, p. 19.

9. The 1998 IDC/World Times Information Society Index: Measuring Progress Towards a Digital Future, IDC, 1998, p. 18.

10. Guardian Weekly, 31 August 1997, p. 19.

11. AD-EMPLOY project no. T1010, Final Report, 1995: Employment trends related to the use of advanced communications, Jeremy Millard (Tele Danmark Consult A/S: jeremy@post4.tele.dk) , for the European Commission, DGXIII.

12. New Rules for the New Economy, Kevin Kelly, Wired Magazine issue 5.09 – September 1997, on http://www.wired.com/wired/5.09/newrules.htm

13. Word Trade Organisation, 1998.

14. Nicolas Negroponte (MIT, Media Lab), 1998.

15. Coopers & Lybrand, 1998.

16. Don Tapscott, Growing Up Digital, McGraw Hill, 1997.

17. Chuck Martin, IBM Vice President for Publishing and Advertising, The Digital Estate, IBM, 1998.

18. Danmarks Statistik, May 1998.

19. The Danish TUC (Landsorganisation) suvey conducted by Gallup, November 1997.

20. Lindhold, M. & Møller, K. Slip danskerne løs, Aschehug, 1998.

21. Jim Clarck, President and co-founder of Netscape, at the Conference "Inventing Tomorrow", held in the European Parliament, June 1997.

22. See sub-section on the United Kingdom in section 3 below.

23. Ove Arup and Partners in association with BMP International, Telecommunications development in 24. rural England, Rural Development Commission, Salisbury, 1996

24. Nicolas Negroponte at the EITC Conference in Brussels, November 1997.

25. Bertin, I, Partnership for a New Organisation of Work: Telework COM(97)128, ETD Project National Coordinators Comments, 1997

26. see Blainpain, R., Legal and Contractual Situation of Teleworkers in the Member States of the European Union, European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, 1995, Pennings, F., The Social Position of Teleworkers, Katholieke Universiteit Brabant, 1996, and various other publications at a national and European level arising from the same project

27. See section 4.2 below on the social dimension.

28. Birchall, D., et al, Legal, Organisational and Management Issues in Telework, European Commission DG XIII-B, 1997

29. unpublished research supplied by CATRAL

30. Huws, U., Teleworking: an Overview of the Research, Department of Trade and Industry, 1996

31. IDC, Remote Access Potential: Western European Mobile Workers, Telecommuters and Internet Users Forecast, 1995-2001, February 1997

32. JALA International, Telework in the European Union, January 1998

33. Notes (now owned and marketed by IBM) is an example of a class of applications that facilitate sharing and exchange of information in different forms and the development of corporate knowledge bases

34. "Individuals" in this context means both individual citizens and private sector organisations. In law a limited company is for many purposes regarded in the same way as a person; both are "legal entities".

35. Etude sur les Tele-activites en Saar-Lor-Lux, a report for DG XIII by Alice Stern, August 1998

36. Held annually at various US locations since 1992.

37. Observations based on presentations and discussion at Telecommute '97 and with USA telework experts and practitioners.

38. See http://www.eto.org.uk/events/keyevent.cfm

39. For details of the 1st International Workshop on Telework: http://www.brunel.ac.uk/research/mmgt/telework

41. Report of the Amsterdam ’97 workshop; Building Actions on Ideas

42. Telework´97 Assembly web-site: http://www.nutek.se/telework97conference

44. For more information contact: h.j.djong@dnn.rws.minvenw.nl (Ministry web-site: http://www.minvenw.nl)

46. For more information contact: herwig.stoekl@siemens.at

47. For more information: http://www.iwtnet.de/teleworx

48. Advanced Communications Technologies and Services, European RTD, managed by DG XIII directorate B

49. European Telework Awards 1997, Brussels, August 1998

50. For more information: http://www.fvit-eurobit.de/def-eito.htm

51. To order EITO’98 contact: http://www.eto.org.uk/eito/index.htm. Whilst stocks last, all purchasers will also receive EITO’97 free of charge.

52. Contact http://www.tweuro.com/tura/eito/index.htm for the webcast archive.

53. http://www.aftt.net

54. Contact http://www.tweuro.com/etw for the webcast archive. A full 20 page report on the Telework Information Day is also available on-line from http://www.eto.org.uk/agenda/telework/infoday.htm . A paper copy can be obtaining by contacting Maarten Botterman of the European Commission, DGXIII-B on Tel.: +32 2 296 6619, Fax +32 2 296 2981, Email: telework@postman.dg13.cec.be

55. For more information: http://www.online-work.com

56. For further information please see http://www.telework-forum.org/diplomat

57. "Telework 1996: Actions for stimulation of transborder telework and research cooperation in Europe; Final Report", DGXIII B, April 1996 (OPCE: CD-94-96-695-EN-C)

58. "Europe’s way to the information society: An Action Plan", COM(94)347, 19 July 1994

59. "Europe at the forefront of the Global Information Society: Rolling Action Plan", COM(96)607, 26 November 1996. Available at http://www.ispo.cec.be

60. e.g. "Learning in the Information Society", COM(96)471, 2 October 1996

61. "Living and Working in the Information Society: People first", COM(96)389, 30 Septmebr 1996, available at http://www.ispo.cec.be/infosoc/legregl/docs/people1st.htm

62. "Partnership for a new organisation of work", COM(97)128, 16 April 1997, available at http://www.europa.eu.int/en/comm/dg05/soc-dial/social

63. "The social implications of teleworking", Joint Commission/European Foundation conference, 30-31 May 1996, Brussels. Working Papers.

64. COM(97) 390, 24 July 1997: http://www.ispo.cec.be/infosoc/legres/infosoc.html

65. COM(97)…§§, April 1997/ http://www.europa.eu.int

66. COM(97)128 final 16 of April 1997;

67. For example see Bertin, I, Partnership for a New Organisation of Work: Telework COM(97)128, ETD Project National Coordinators Comments, 1997

68. COM(98)259 of 29 April 1998

69. The Social implications of Telework, not yet published.

70. Communication on the Social and Labour Market Dimension of the Information Society, People First - The Next Steps. COM(97) 390 Final of 23 July 1997.

71. Information about the GAT Chain is available on: http://www.eto.org.uk/gat

72. Available at http://www.eto.org.uk/gat/guides/gat-g1.htm

73. Available at http://www.eto.org.uk/gat/guides/gat-g3.htm

74. Available at http://www.eto.org.uk/gat/guides/gat-g5.htm

75. Data from EITO 1998.

76. more information on this rural development initiative and its operational projects is available in six languages from the Rural Europe Web site http://www.rural-europe.aeidl.be

77. The eight key points identified by the LEADER network are: the mobilisation of the local population and social cohesion; the area's culture and identity; activities and jobs; the area's image; migrations and social and vocational integration; the environment, management of spaces and natural resources; technological developments; competitiveness and access to markets.

78. more detailed information about the IRISI pre-pilot actions may be obtained at the Web site http://spavalda.polito.it

79. more detailed information about the RISI 1 pilot actions may be obtained at the Web Site http://www.risi.lu

80. COM(97)390, 23 July 1997

81. According to the EITO Task Force Mid-range estimate, EITO 1998

82. Network PCs reduce the cost per desk for corporate networks by minimising the hardware requirements within the desktop system and putting more of the power "upstream" in the network and servers.

83. Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) will enable many new applications and innovative hand held and in-vehicle devices and services. Work in the Fourth Framework Programme suggests the potential for everything that we now do across fixed wires to be done across mobile links.

84. Virtual presence means enhancing the range and depth of communications capabilities so that the local presence of a distant person seems more realistic. As a current example, video enables the distant person to be seen, while the telephone only allows him or her to be heard. Current and future research focuses on providing three-dimensional representation and much higher levels of realism.

85. For example, to address the frustration experienced by users who know (or suspect) that the information they need is available somewhere, but they cannot know for certain and have difficulty in deciding where to look and how long to continue looking.

86. Like many requirements, this combines technical needs with infrastructure investment needs

87. Synchronous communication occurs when two or more people link concurrently, for example in a telephone call or a videoconference. Asynchronous communication avoids the need for concurrent links, as in the case of email and email-based discussion lists, newsgroups etc. Asynchronous methods present many advantages (avoiding, for example, the difficulty of arranging for a group of people in different time zones to all be "online" at the same time) and is a primary reason for the popularity of email and voicemail. However, considerable further research and experimentation is needed in order to understand how to optimise the mix of synchronous and asynchronous forms in a future environment that includes realistic virtual presence (see above).

88. An important benefit cited by teleworkers is the ability to control interruptions, for example by switching the telephone through to voicemail. However, inappropriate use of these capabilities frustrates people who are trying to connect with the teleworker. Enhancements from the field of Agent technologies may go a long way to address such issues.

89. Links to these initiatives will be found at the European Telework Online website, http://www.eto.org.uk

90. Proposal for a European Parliament and Council Decision concerning the 5th Framework Programme of the European Community for Research, Technological Development and Demonstration Activities (1998-2002), European Commission COM(97)142, April 1997

91. High Level Group of Experts: http://www.ispo.cec.be/hleg

92. European Telework On-line (http://www.eto.org.uk)

93. For further information contact the Information Society Forum Secretariat in Brussels: Tel.: +32 2 295 3028; Fax: +32 2 295 0688; E-mail: ulric.fayl@bxl.dg13.cec.be

94. COM(98)259 of April 1998.

95. See http://www.eto.org.uk/events/keyevent.cfm

96. See http://www.wise-forum.org

98. See http://www.teleman.pt/apdt

99. See http://www.teleman.pt

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