"Rural Europe - Future Perspectives":
A contribution to the "Integration" Theme

From the European Telework Development Initiative (ETD) (a project of the ACTS Programme); ETD is online at http://www.eto.org.uk; email info@eto.org.uk: project office phone +45 86 28 64 55, fax +45 86 28 64 99.

Rural Europe: Integration in and For the Locality

This contribution seeks to address the questions posed in the context of Workshop 1 of the European Conference on Rural Development: "Rural Europe - Future Perspectives" Cork, Ireland 7-9 November 1996 (http://europa.eu.int/en/agenda/cork1.html). The current version of this contribution will be found online at http://www.eto.org.uk/etd/policy/cork1105.htm, where there are also facilities for comments to be made and displayed.

Synposis and Contents

The focus of this contribution is economic and social development. Environmental aspects are not addressed, although the ideas expressed here do have relevance to environmental aspects of policy.

What does integrated rural development mean?

In any attempt to "integrate" policies, Europe faces a problem of complexity common to all Governments at the end of the 20th Century, especially in a period of wide ranging economic and social change as we evolve from the industrial era towards an information society. This paper assumes that whatever efforts may be made to integrate policies at the centre, the key to success is the effective integration of strategies and practical actions at the locality - whether that locality be a village, an island, an administrative unit or a loosely coupled network such as "Europe's Western periphery".

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To what extent do current policies achieve an integrated, multi sectorial approach to development of rural areas and how can this be increased?

Our focus is on the second part of this question. What is needed is:

  1. The strongest and most effective possible networking with and (especially) within the locality concerned,

    coupled with

  2. Excellent local leadership based on a clear vision of how the locality wishes to be in the future.

    These need to be supported by

  3. Very easy access for everyone concerned to all relevant information;

    and

  4. Mechanisms to ensure a high level of visibility for exemplars - which must include failures as well as success stories. Each of these needs can and should be addressed through European policies and initiatives.

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Should policies differentiate between areas?

Once the concept of "integration at the locality" is understood and accepted, the focus of central policy and programmes switches from "policies that seek to define objectives and goals" to "policies that enable and facilitate achievement of locally determined objectives and goals". This reduces complexity in policy development at the centre and means that Europe-wide programmes can have simpler and more consistent objectives that are about process more than about content. It enables local development to fully reflect local traditions and needs and local communities to identify and pursue their own unique future paths, while actively participating in building the wider community identities made possible by Information Society technologies and techniques.

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Should resources be concentrated on the most needy regions?

The simple answer is "Yes, of course". At every level in our community from the village to the European Union and indeed the wider world, there's a need for those who "have" to support those who "have not". However, allocation of resources needs to clearly differentiate between two equally valid but quite dissimilar kinds of objectives:

  1. Support intended to preserve and protect local cultures, lifestyles, environment etc in a particular region for the general benefit of all, and which need not necessarily include an aim to enhance local economic viability,

    as opposed to:

  2. Support that is about changing the local situation - usually this means improving economic performance so as (over time) to increase self sufficiency and independence and reduce the need for support.

While these two goals can sometimes be in synergy they may sometimes be in conflict and its important to distinguish clearly between them. An obvious example is increasing tourism (for economic development purposes) in protected and rare environments, which inevitably damages to at least some extent the very environment that attracts the tourists.

A major challenge for Europe' rural areas is to understand and balance these conflicts. A central development issue is the need to preserve the best aspects of traditional cultures and life styles while making sure that citizens in rural areas who want access to all the opportunities of the Information Society have equal or better access than people in sophisticated urban centres. One critical aspect of this which definitely needs to be tackled both top down (from the Europen level) and concurrently bottom up (from the very local level) is the need to level the playing field of universal access to a high performance, low cost telecommunication infrastructure and added value basic services such as Internet access. The importance of "local pull" in this cannot be overstated, but very few local decision makers across Europe appear to understand how to exercise that local pull in an environment which until liberalisation of telecommunications has been almost entirely a matter for national governments.

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On what criteria should resources be concentrated?

The two broad types of objectives mentioned above lead to two distinct sets of criteria:

    Preservation and protection of valued environments

    Here we are considering "environment" in the broadest sense, as it affects the lives of local people, including the nature and extent of economic activities and unique or special characteristics of the built environment and human culture, as well as the natural environment. Allocation of resources to this goal should be conditioned by the extent to which

    1. the communities in the area affected share a consensus about what is to be preserved

      and

    2. those whose money is being contributed accept the value of its preservation - typically through the overall democratic process at the level where taxes are raised and tax revenues allocated.

    Measures to change the local situation

    For example efforts to bring work opportunities to rural areas through telework and teletrade. Allocation of resources to this should be conditioned by the extent to which the proposed changes:

    1. are sustainable in the medium term (leading to a lower dependence on support)

      and

    2. include measures to eradicate whatever underlying causes led to the undesirable situation.

    As an example of this last criterion, if today local people need extensive training to enable them to tackle new era jobs with success, what measures are in place to ensure that schools, colleges and life-long learning facilities will keep pace in the future with emerging needs?

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    What are the implications of an integrated approach for EU policies and for the practical implementation of an integrated approach?

    Refering back to "what is needed" (above) integration at the locality needs to be supported as follows:

    1. Developing effective networking with and within localities

    Existing and easily accessible technologies (Electronic Mail and the World Wide Web) already provide for much wider participation in networks and networking on a continuing basis, but only a relatively small proportion of those engaged in Rural Development understand and use these methods. The "technical" skills are very readily acquired (an hour at most, given appropriate assistance) but there's also a need for new kinds of human communications skills. "Electronic networker" skills are much more to do with effective new person to person communication skills than they are about computer know how.

    A Europe wide programme of stimulation and support to "local communities online" is needed to accelerate the learning curve. Excellent exemplars for this exist and can be built on quickly and cost effectively. Local communities need to be networked locally, with each other and with the "machinery" of development policies and programmes.

    2. Assisting local leaders to develop a clear vision of how the locality wishes to be in the future

    The future is about "many (different) information societies" just as the past has been about many (and very different) local communities and cultures. Local leaders need to understand in the broadest possible terms the many new opportunities offered by an Information Society and by the global networked economy; but above all they need help to map these onto local strengths and characteristics. This process has three distinct components:

    1. Active involvement of existing leaders and opinion formers in building and shaping the new online communities

      This is happening very gradually and patchily on the basis of peer group pressure - for example as Members of the European Parliament and Member States' Parliaments start to use email and to ask other leaders and opinion formers for their email "addresses". Some directorates-general of the Commission are setting an example and have accelerated understanding and take up among their own networks of contacts. However, the Commission as a whole is being relatively slow to respond. An urgent need is for the provision of familiarisation in the skills of leadership across electronic networks - the Internet equivalent of TV interview training. This applies equally to senior people in the Commission, to MEPs and to members of Councils of Ministers, the Committee of the Regions etc. The ETD initiative is working with leading experts in this skills area to develop and test appropriate programmes.

    2. Surfacing and encouragement of new kinds of "networked communities" leaders and opinion formers

      The new networks enable much wider participation and mean that active networking takes much less time, effort and money. This is enabling a new generation of community leaders to emerge, typically on a basis that transcends geography, enabling people of like interests anywhere in Europe (and indeed world wide) to "make common cause". Its vital to any rural community that it has its share of these new "global networkers". Its vital to Europe as a whole that Europeans learn networked leadership and participation skills and exercise these skills at the global as well as the local level. For each of our languages and cultures we need networker skills development programmes that can be accessed readily online. Its vital that people in the most isolated rural areas should have equality of access to such skills development with people in sophisticated urban centres, but without any suggestion of "pushing the Information Society down peoples' throats" before they are ready. Again, the ETD Initiative is assisting the development of relevant skills programmes that can be delivered to citizens and communities everywhere through a combination of local facilities supported by "best of breed" expertise.

    3. Assistance to both kinds of leaders to help them to develop a well-informed and coherent picture of the Information Society and to translate this into a positive vision that is specific to their locality

      Just as each locality has its own unique "sense of place" in the physical and geographical world, so its now open to each locality to develop and proclaim its own sense of place in the new Networked Economy and the Information Society. Success in every aspect of rural development will increasingly depend on how well each locality and local community identifies itself to the world and to its local people "online" as well as offline. Since every aspect of society will change as the Information Society develops, its inadequate (and can even be dangerous) to assume that an identity that was right for the recent and present era remains right for the future. The opportunities are changing and so are the challenges and threats. Through the medium of a Communities Online programme, Europe needs to provide all local communities with access to the best available know how, experience, skills, insights and visions, against which local leaders can test and refine their existing perceptions of how life will be for them and for their communities in an Information Society. Again its vital that special steps are taken to make this kind of support as accessible in rural as in urban areas; electronic networking methods make this a viable proposition.

    3. Facilitating easy access for everyone concerned to all relevant information

    Considerable strides are being made through initiatives like the Europa website (
    http://europa.eu.int/). This needs to be strengthened and reinforced, so as to provide the best possible facilities to rural communities in the way of information access. However, it needs to be supported by an active outreach programme (see below).

    4. Ensuring a high level of visibility for exemplars (including negative ones)

    This needs an active outreach programme that goes well beyond the conventional approach in which each Programme seeks to report its own successes. Probably, the difficulty of surfacing and reporting "bad experiences" as well as good can only be overcome by means of an independent service that's at arms reach from the Commission, Parliament etc. In the emerging networked economy, a sound added value information structure is as important as sound money, the manufacturing industry, insurance etc. The Committee of the Regions might form the basis for an independent information service with strong terms of reference to promote the concept of "all relevant information".

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    This contribution to the policy debate on Rural Development has been made through the European Telework Development Initiative (ETD), http://www.eto.org.uk, email info@eto.org.uk. ETD supports excellent facilities for online discussion of social and economic development issues in an Information Society context - for further information contact eto-info@eto.org.uk or visit the website.
    Page address: http://www.eto.org.uk/etd/policy/cork1105.htm
    Page last updated: 01 November 1996
    Page owner: Horace Mitchell 100136.2412@compuserve.com